КРИПТОАКТИВЫ В ТЕНЕВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ: ПРАВОВОЙ АНАЛИЗ ВОЗВРАТА АКТИВОВ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ В ПРЕСТУПНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ
Ключевые слова:
криптоактивы, отмывание доходов, возврат активов, международные документы, правовое регулирование, неформальные сетиАннотация
В статье исследуется роль криптоактивов как инструмента совершения широкого спектра финансовых и коррупционных преступлений, включая отмывание доходов, финансирование терроризма и получение незаконных активов в условиях цифровой экономики. Децентрализованный характер, анонимность и транснациональная природа криптовалют и иных виртуальных активов создают новые вызовы для правоохранительных органов и регуляторов, которые также анализируются в работе. Особое внимание уделяется международно-правовым документам, в частности Конвенции Организации Объединённых Наций против коррупции (UNCAC), Рекомендациям FATF и Рамочной программе отчётности по криптоактивам ОЭСР (CARF). Наряду с этим рассматриваются положения национального законодательства Республики Узбекистан, включающие современные правовые дефиниции, лицензионные требования и механизмы ответственности за преступную деятельность с использованием криптоактивов. В статье представлен обзор научных подходов зарубежных и отечественных исследователей к регуляторным, криминалистическим и криминологическим аспектам оборота криптоактивов. На основе сравнительно-правового и аналитического методов выявлены существующие правовые пробелы, институциональные недостатки и лучшие практики, сформированные в международном опыте. Полученные результаты положены в основу практических рекомендаций, направленных на повышение эффективности процедур отслеживания, замораживания, ареста и возврата активов на национальном уровне, а также на укрепление соответствия Узбекистана международным стандартам противодействия финансовым преступлениям в условиях цифровой трансформации.
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