CIVIL-LEGAL NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY OBJECTS: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS

Abstract

The legal nature of modern biotechnology objects generates complex and multifaceted problems in civil law. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of four main characteristics of biotechnology objects: the dialectic of naturalness and artificiality, biological reproducibility capacity, high level of risk and uncertainty, and elevated ethical-social significance. The research employs comparative legal, historical-legal, and empirical analysis methods to examine the practices of the USA, the European Union, China, and other major jurisdictions. The main findings demonstrate that biotechnology objects, due to their specific natural-artificial duality, self-reproduction capability, and high ethical significance, fundamentally differ from traditional civil law categories and require a specialized legal approach. Analysis of landmark precedents in Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980) and Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics (2013) cases clearly illustrated the complexity of establishing legal boundaries between natural and artificial elements in the patenting of biological materials. The research conclusions emphasize the necessity of maintaining a delicate balance between ethical norms, safety requirements, and innovative development when determining the civil legal status of biotechnology objects. The article also substantiates the necessity of introducing special legal regulation mechanisms for biotechnology objects in the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.